The roles of iron and manganese oxides in controlling trace element retention in soils across a range of parent materials

Context While human activities are the primary source of elevated soil metal concentration, natural geological processes can also contribute significantly. Aims This study investigated the influence of parent rock lithology on the concentration of arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of the O’Higgins Region, central Chile. Methods The soils developed on five distinct lithologies: andesites (intermediate volcanic rocks), felsic volcaniclastics, mixed (intermediate and felsic