Hierarchical assembly of traditional chinese medicine-based hydrogels for wound healing

Abstract Chronic wound healing represents a significant clinical challenge, requiring multi-target intervention strategies due to the complex pathological microenvironment. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a long wound care history and TCM-based hydrogels have evolved from single- to multi-component designs. However, existing reviews primarily focus on preparation methods, lacking a systematic analysis of how the hierarchical assembly of TCM components influences hydrogel structure, proper