Genetic biomarkers and individual susceptibility in healthcare workers exposed to waste anesthetic gases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background From a precision medicine perspective, this systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the genotoxic effects of waste anesthetic gases (WAGs) in healthcare workers. It aims to identify robust biomarkers for individualized risk assessment and to clarify the pattern of DNA damage to inform targeted monitoring strategies. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of four databases up to September 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Observational studies comparing g