Surgical management and outcomes of vesicovaginal fistula: a 12-year experience in a tertiary center

Background and objectives Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is a devastating condition for female patients. We aimed to summarize our experience in the management of VVF and the surgical outcomes at our center and propose an algorithm for clinical practice. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients with VVF who underwent surgical treatment at our center between January 2013 and December 2024. All patients were classified into non-irradiated and irradiated groups. Medical dat