Evolution for enhanced extracellular electron transfer in Geobacter sulfurreducens over seventeen years of continuous current generation

Bioelectrochemical systems that harvest electricity from wastes, soils, or sediments are designed to operate over long periods of time. However, little is known about the long-term adaptation of electroactive microbes to such non-natural environments. Geobacter sulfurreducens strain KN400 produces the highest current densities and columbic efficiencies of described pure culture electroactive microorganisms. To investigate long-term adaptation to current production, strain KN400 was grown continu