Genes and physiological strategies in bacterial antibiotic resistance
Muhammad Shahid Nadeem·Ghulam Md Ashraf·Muhammad Afzal·Inam Ullah·Bibi Nazia Murtaza·Rabeea Mustafa Ali Daoub·Kamel Chaieb·Sami I. Alzarea·Imran Kazmi·Rabia Rasool
Bacteria display an incredible genetic plasticity, which enables them to adapt to various environmental stressors, such as antibiotic compounds that may imperil their existence. Bacterial resistance mechanisms include degradative enzymes, inactivation of antibiotics, antibacterial target site mutation, change in target, altered cell wall permeability to antibiotics, bypass of metabolic pathways, and efflux pumping of antibiotics across the cell membrane. These mechanisms are encoded by genomic c