The dual structure of anxiety: reconciling general and specific approaches

Anxiety is a predisposition to worry that manifests across different domains. It has been described as a stable individual trait (e.g., trait anxiety; Spielberger, 1983), current emotional responses (state anxiety; Spielberger, 1983), a clinical disorder (e.g., Generalized Anxiety Disorder; Spitzer et al., 2006) , and domain-specific worries such as math anxiety Dowker et al., 2016), social anxiety (Telch et al., 2004), or spatial anxiety (Lawton, 1994), among others. However, it remains unclear