Assessment tools for disease risk perception in chronic patients: theoretical frameworks, psychometric properties, and clinical applications

Disease risk perception is a subjective psychological construct that can predict health-promoting behaviors and support personalized chronic disease management. This narrative review summarizes existing risk perception assessment tools, analyzing their theoretical foundations, structures and psychometric properties. We trace the evolution of these tools from broad, generic scales to disease-specific evaluations for conditions such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes. The revie