Eco-friendly antioxidant lemon essential oil–enriched PVA/chitosan/collagen hydrolysate biocomposite films from leather industry trimming wastes

Abstract Four series of composite films were prepared via solution casting using collagen hydrolysate (CH) derived from leather trimming waste with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) at a 50PVA/50CS ratio, and the optimal water barrier formulation (30PVA/30CS/40CH) was selected. Subsequently, five films based on the 30PVA/30CS/40CH formulation were prepared with varying lemon essential oil (LEO) ratios to evaluate their effects on film properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel