Adverse outcome pathways: A mechanistic framework for predictive toxicology and risk assessment

The greatest health care and pharmaceutical problems remain adverse drug reactions and chemical toxicities. Because of the extensive use of animal testing, conventional toxicology approaches often do not have the mechanistic insights required to relate molecular perturbations to their adverse biological outcomes. To address this limitation, adverse outcome pathway architecture is a sequence of causally related events beginning with a molecular initiating event, followed by key events, and conclu