Machine learning enhanced optical spectroscopy for breast cancer diagnosis: A review
Mihir Nakul·Nirmal Mazumder·Manikanth Karnati·Devadiga Pooja Bhaskar·Budheswar Dehury·Farhath Aziz·Sanket Dinesh Rao
Abstract This literature review examines the transformative role of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in enhancing optical spectroscopy for breast cancer diagnosis. By synthesizing advancements from peer-reviewed studies (2015–2025), we evaluate how ML/DL integration improves the detection of malignancy-associated biochemical changes, enabling noninvasive, rapid, and accurate differentiation between healthy and cancerous tissues. This review highlights key spectroscopic modalities, su