Photogrammetric material mapping of heritage facades under constrained survey conditions

Abstract This study investigates facade-scale photogrammetric material mapping of architectural heritage under constrained survey conditions. High-resolution orthophotos derived from terrestrial image acquisition were analyzed using a color-encoded Pixel Texture Segmentation (PTS) framework comprising eight material classes. To complement qualitative inspection, a region-of-interest (ROI)-based quantitative validation scheme was implemented using confusion matrices and intersection-over-union (I