Soil salinity regulates metal bioavailability and soil–plant transfer in halophytic crops

Introduction Soil salinity fundamentally reshapes geochemical controls governing metal mobility and plant uptake, yet its effects across soils with different salinity histories remain poorly resolved. Methods We conducted four controlled experiments using NaCl treatments ranging from 1.0 to 20.0 dS m −1 , combining freshly salinized soils with soils previously exposed to salinity, and evaluated metal behavior in soil -plant systems of Tetragonia tetragonioides and Portulaca oleracea . Results In