The protective effect of probiotics on intestinal mucosal injury and dysbiosis in infants with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

Purpose This study aimed to investigate alterations in intestinal mucosal barrier function and gut microbiota in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, and to evaluate whether perioperative probiotic administration improves intestinal homeostasis and clinical outcomes. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in infants with non-cyanosis CHD in need of surgical correction with CPB. Infants aged 1 month to 1 year were