Conventional management vs. precision viticulture: A comparison of different levels of mechanization and their impact on vineyard profitability

Abstract Purpose Viticulture is one of the most input-intensive agricultural sectors, in which the adoption of precision technologies could contribute significantly to reduce environmental impacts and operating costs. Previous studies have primarily focused on technical aspects, often examining individual farm operations or specific technologies using hypothetical data, rather than assessing economic impacts. To fill this research gap, this study evaluates the profitability of adopting varying l