Cardiorenal Syndrome in a Kidney Transplant Recipient With High-Flow Arteriovenous Fistula and Mycotic Pneumonia

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a preferred access for haemodialysis (HD) in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, its haemodynamic effect on the heart is not negligible; it may cause or exacerbate heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, especially when the flow is excessively high. After the transplantation, a decrease in cardiac output leads to reduced kidney graft perfusion, which can result in the development of cardiorenal syndrome. The guidelines for managing AVF after trans