Macrocyclic Encapsulation-Driven Asymmetric Terthiophene Acceptors with Hierarchical Stacking and High “Unit Economy” for Efficient Organic Solar Cells

Nonfused ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) have emerged as promising candidates for high-efficiency organic solar cells, owing to their cost-effectiveness. Notably, the number of aromatic rings in their nonfused conjugated backbones plays a crucial role in determining optical and electronic properties, as well as molecular packing and orientation. Herein, a simple terthiophene backbone was employed to construct the asymmetric acceptor R3T-4F via a macrocyclic encapsulation strategy, while I3T-4F