Lutein Modulates Stress-Responsive Signaling Pathways in THLE-2 Human Hepatocytes Under Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Conditions

Intestinal dysfunction and parenteral nutrition (PN) can trigger a spectrum of liver disorders collectively referred to as intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), for which therapeutic options remain limited. In the present study, we investigated the modulatory effects of the bioactive xanthophyll carotenoid lutein in an in vitro IFALD model utilizing human THLE-2 hepatocytes exposed to lipopolysaccharide and Intralipid to mimic PN–associated inflammatory and metabolic stress. Becau