Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit after operative treatment of mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a subclinical, scapula-related phenomenon

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a well-recognized component of shoulder dysfunction and has been extensively described in overhead athletes within the framework of scapular dyskinesis. However, whether a similar or distinct pattern of GIRD exists after mid-shaft clavicle fractures remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and features of GIRD in a post-traumatic population and to explore their potential relationship with scapular positioning.