Advanced Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Evidence, Scalability, and Implications for a Net-Zero Transition

The escalating global challenge of waste management, combined with the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, has intensified interest in waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies as integrated solutions for sustainable energy recovery. This review critically examines advanced WtE technologies through three interconnected dimensions: the strength of the evidence base supporting performance and environmental claims, the challenges associated with scalability and system integration, and the impl