Targeting Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Therapeutic Strategies and Clinical Perspectives

With limited therapeutic progress despite aggressive multimodal treatment, glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the deadliest primary brain tumors. Emerging evidence suggests that GSCs are key drivers of tumor initiation, intratumoral heterogeneity, therapeutic resistance, and recurrence. GSCs retain self-renewal capacity, multilineage differentiation potential, and remarkable plasticity, enabling them to adapt to diverse microenvironmental cues. These properties are upheld by dysregulated developm