Forecasting Sea Surface Cooling During Typhoons Based on Machine Learning

Sea surface cooling (SSC) induced by typhoons has a significant impact on typhoon intensity and regional air–sea interaction. This study develops a machine learning model based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) to predict SSC during typhoon passage over the western North Pacific. The model uses pre-typhoon ocean background conditions and ocean states at the typhoon peak moment as inputs, including wind field, sea level anomaly (SLA), mixed layer depth (MLD), and 100 m water temperature. Trained o