Multimodal phototherapy for Glioblastoma: from mechanistic action to synergistic delivery and therapeutic strategies
Gaurisha Alias Resha Ramnath Naik·Namdev Dhas·Ritu Kudarha·Mital Patel·Varadharajan Srinivasan·Bhupendra Prajapati·Deepanjan Datta
Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor, with a median overall survival of only 14–16 months despite maximal safe resection, radiotherapy, and temozolomide. The blood–brain barrier, infiltrative growth pattern, and tumor microenvironment-mediated therapeutic resistance severely limit the efficacy of conventional and emerging therapies. Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), offers spatially selective tumor ablat