The interaction between microbes and cytokines in cancer: unraveling the underlying effects

An increasing number of studies have found that microbes are involved in the development and treatment of tumors, and the impact of microbes on the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a prominent field in cancer studies. Although microbiome–immunity interactions in cancer have extensively reviewed in previous studies, the molecular integration of microbes with cytokines within the tumor microenvironment remains insufficiently resolved. This review examines how microbes influence the immunologi