Enhancing Junior High School Science Literacy through TPACK-Integrated Virtual Laboratory Modules

The persistently low level of science literacy among Indonesian students, as evidenced by stagnant PISA 2022 results remaining below the OECD average, underscores a critical need to transform teaching materials to be more adaptive to technological advances. This research addresses the lack of pedagogically integrated materials on technological aspects, which often hinders students' ability to interpret scientific phenomena. To bridge this gap, the study aimed to develop science learning modules