Endothelial progenitor cells in vascular remodeling

The integrity of the vascular endothelium is fundamental to its barrier function, maintaining vascular homeostasis and microenvironmental stability, and serves as a prerequisite for preventing certain vascular diseases. After vascular integrity is compromised, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a diverse population of progenitor cells with the capacity to develop into endothelial cells, can reconstruct blood vessels. This occurs primarily through two mechanisms: (1) direct integration into exi