Abstract Background: Progressive immune remodeling is a hallmark of early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) evolution, yet the integrated transcriptional and clonal trajectories underlying this process remain poorly defined. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from GSE189357 and HDAC000630 were analyzed across 33 lung samples, spanning normal to invasive adenocarcinoma. After quality control (200 < genes < 5,000; mitochondrial < 10%), 187,880 high-quality cells wer