Two-dimensional clay minerals: from fundamentals to scalable devices

2D clay minerals have advantages in subnanometer interlayer space, rich surface chemistry, light transparency and low cost for mass production, which enable their applications in mass separation, smart optics, and energy conversion devices. Over the past 30 years, significant progress has been made on scalable fabrication and high-value applications of natural clay minerals-based two-dimensional (2D) materials. Natural clay minerals-based 2D materials have layered structures, high ion conductivi