Non-noble metal catalysts for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction: a review

Electrochemical hydrogen production in alkaline media faces distinct mechanistic challenges compared with acidic conditions, largely due to the extra water dissociation step (Volmer reaction) and slower hydrogen adsorption and desorption kinetics. Non-noble electrocatalysts have attracted significant attention as cost-effective alternatives to platinum, offering a balance between activity, stability, and scalability using earth-abundant elements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of