Realistic and sustainable phosphate adsorption using intercalant-engineered exfoliated serpentinite: mechanistic insights and real-water validation
Haifa E. Alfassam·Mostafa R. Abukhadra·Hassan A. Rudayni·Ahmed A. Allam·Osman Abdelghany·Hanan M. Alharbi·Sarah I. Othman·Amira S. Diab
This study investigates phosphate adsorption using exfoliated serpentinite produced by intercalation with potassium nitrate (KN/SP), urea (U/SP), and potassium acetate (KC/SP), with emphasis on performance, mechanism, and realistic applicability. All modified adsorbents showed strongly improved phosphate uptake, reaching maximum capacities of 127.85 mg g -1 (KN/SP), 154.18 mg g -1 (U/SP), and 183.54 mg g -1 (KC/SP), confirming the advantage of acetate-assisted exfoliation. Kinetic behavior follo