Changes in young children's behavior following COVID-19 pandemic onset: A tale of three cities
Anne Martin·Anna D. Johnson·Alan L Mendelsohn·Rachel S. Gross·Elizabeth Miller·Pamela A Morris-Perez·Daniel S Shaw·Gabriela Livas·Seth D Pollak·Ann Wright
Several reports have described increases in children's behavior problems since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but few were based on prospective data or represented groups who disproportionately experienced pandemic-related hardships. This study followed low-income and racially diverse young children from 3 U.S. cities-New York, NY, Pittsburgh, PA, and Tulsa, OK-with repeated measures of child behavior between 2016 and 2023. A total of 1,124 children were included (50% female; 48% Hispanic/L