Photobiomodulation at 830 nm with 5 J/cm2 does not promote PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway activation in hyperglycemic wounded cells

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway regulates cell survival, proliferation, and the synthesis of protein. Photobiomodulation (PBM) stimulates biological processes by using low-powered light in the visible, red and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. Despite its demonstrated efficacy, the cellular and molecular consequences, primarily on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, remain unclear. This study investigated PBMs impa