Dual-layer microencapsulation of grape skin extract via spray chilling and fluid-bed coating for targeted intestinal release

This study aimed to develop an efficient and sustainable dual-layer microencapsulation system for grape skin extract, a phenolic-rich by-product of the food industry. A spray-chilling process was employed for primary encapsulation with palm oil, followed by a zein-based secondary coating to achieve targeted intestinal release and enhanced oxidative stability. The resulting microcapsules exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, including low moisture content (5.50 ± 0.08%), reduced water a