Suggested novel risk factors for Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema – asthma and limited open water swimming experience

This study confirms previously reported individual risk factors for SIPE and immersion pulmonary edema - such as female sex, higher age, hypertension, heart disease, respiratory tract infection and prior SIPE episodes. In addition, our data suggests that asthma and limited experience of open water swimming are associated with an increased risk of SIPE. A comprehensive understanding of risk factors for SIPE will improve safety during open water swimming and contribute to the development of medica