Biostimulatory effects of silicon on vegetable crop growth, productivity, and stress resilience: A review

• Si improves root development, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake, leading to increased biomass and higher crop productivity. • It strengthens cell walls and triggers defense responses, helping plants withstand drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. • Si acts as a physical and biochemical barrier, reducing damage from pests and pathogens, minimizing reliance on chemical pesticides. • It optimizes the absorption and utilization of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassi