Mineralogical composition of soils under rice-based cropping systems in Shiwalik Foothills of Northwest India

Abstract Understanding the evolution of soil mineralogy under rice-based cropping systems is essential for maintaining soil health, boosting agricultural productivity, and ensuring long-term sustainability. To explore this, we examined the response of different rice-based cropping systems (e.g. rice–wheat, rice-potato-melon system, rice-potato-mungbean, rice-potato-maize and rice-peas-maize) on mineralogy composition in the Kandi region of Punjab. Among rice-based cropping systems, the rice–whea