Optimization of fermentation conditions for cellulase/xylanase production and hydrolysis conditions for efficient conversion of agricultural residues using Penicillium oxalicum UNN1

Agricultural residues like sugarcane bagasse and rice straw are rich in cellulose and xylan. Their efficient conversion into (oligo)saccharides and value-added products requires microbial cellulases and xylanases, but low enzyme yields and high production costs hinder industrial application. This study isolated Penicillium oxalicum UNN1, a high-xylanase-producing strain with an initial activity of 51.63 U/mL. Submerged fermentation conditions were optimized using different carbon/nitrogen source