Perceptual bias in virtual environments: exploring high- and low-end treadmill designs with tactile experience

Abstract Technological progress has facilitated the integration of VR in sectors like E-commerce and design, and improves how products are represented by virtual prototypes (VPs) using head-mounted displays (HMDs), allowing their qualities to be understood even when no physical prototype is available. Despite VR having become well-established as an efficient tool to evaluate VPs, factors like physical activity, presentation type and product design may influence consumer perceptions. This researc