Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using two saffron flower extracts and their comparative photocatalytic efficiency in organic dye degradation

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are widely explored for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants due to their high stability, low cost, and environmental compatibility. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized through two green routes using saffron (Crocus sativus) floral extracts to evaluate the effect of extract type and synthesis method on the structural properties and photocatalytic activity. Both saffron anther extract (Z2) and saffron petal extract (Z4) were utilized in the