Nonlinear Aeroelastic Method for Flapping Wings with Coupled Twisting and Bending

The aeroelastic behavior of insect-inspired flexible flapping wings (FFWs) directly dictates flight performance and is critical for the efficient operation of FFW-based aerial vehicles. However, most existing FFW models fail to simultaneously account for coupled twisting and bending, limiting their ability to accurately capture how leading-edge (LE) local flexibility affects aerodynamics. To address this, an FFW aeroelastic modeling method is proposed. Structurally, an analytical model coupling