Glutathione impacts Hfq condensation in nitrogen-starved Escherichia coli

Nitrogen (N) is essential for bacterial growth, and adaptation to N starvation involves extensive reprogramming of metabolism and gene expression. A hallmark subcellular feature in long-term N-starved Escherichia coli cells is the presence of biomolecular condensates of the major bacterial RNA regulator Hfq. The Hfq condensates, which accumulate gradually during N starvation, contribute to adaptation by modulating RNA metabolism and central metabolic pathways. Metabolites play central rol