Effect of tequila vinasse irrigation on soil physicochemical properties, heavy metals, and bacterial communities in soils cultivated with Agave tequilana
Marycarmen Verduzco Garibay·Carolina Senés-Guerrero·Diego Díaz-Vázquez·Martín Esteban González-López·Carlos Yebra-Montes·Osiris Díaz-Torres·Diego Antonio Tuesta-Popolizio·Adriana Pacheco·Sarah Forrester·Misael Sebastián Gradilla-Hernández·Alberto Fernández del Castillo
Tequila production yields 10–12 liters of tequila vinasses (TV) per liter of product, posing significant waste management challenges. Land application offers a cost-effective disposal method with potential fertilization benefits, though its impact on soil microbial ecology remains uncertain. In this one-year field case study in Amatitán, Jalisco, Mexico, seven TV treatments were tested: raw TV at 1, 3, 5, and 10 L/m²/month; neutralized TV at 10 L/m²/month; and raw or neutralized TV at 30 L/m² ev