Targeted delivery of miR-199a-5p by RGD-modified HUMSC- extracellular vesicles regulates ocular neovascularization via suppression of endothelial–mesenchymal transition

• Constructed an engineered extracellular vesicle RGD-EV@miR-199a-5p for alleviating ocular neovascularization and vascular leakage, exhibiting good targeting ability and enhanced anti-neovascularization efficacy. • The engineered RGD-EV@miR-199a-5p demonstrated a robust synergistic effect in suppressing endothelial–mesenchymal transition(EndMT) progression. • Mechanistically, RGD-EV@miR-199a-5p enabled highly efficient enrichment and sustained release of miR-199a-5p, downregulating genes associ