Somatic embryogenesis-mediated plant regeneration and phytochemical characterization of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf

• An efficient in vitro propagation protocol for Codonopsis pilosula was established using leaf explants. • Different plant growth regulators influenced somatic embryogenesis. • Histological analysis confirmed indirect somatic embryogenesis of C. pilosula. • Flow cytometry verified genetic fidelity of regenerated plants in comparison with mother plants. • The study enables scalable production of genetically uniform C. pilosula plants. This study developed a feasible in vitro regeneration approac