Can transit-oriented development (TOD) cool the city? A multi-scale geospatial assessment of daytime surface heat exposure in Tokyo

● Links transit oriented development patterns to land surface temperature in Shinjuku ● Uses street view imagery, remote sensing and population data in one framework ● Shows well designed transit corridors can cool land surface by about 0.9°C ● Reveals that excessive density without greenery and shading increases urban heat ● Applies explainable machine learning to guide climate sensitive station area design Extreme heat is an escalating urban health and equity risk. Transit-oriented development