Integrated sustainable valorization of seaweed (Ulva ohnoi) biomass into food-grade ingredients with year-round cultivated feedstock

Via efficient, scalable, and climate resilient processes, seaweed biorefineries can advance cleaner production, delivering nutrient-rich ingredients with relatively lower land and freshwater requirements. Here, a land-based Ulva ohnoi platform that integrates optimized outdoor tank cultivation, pH-shift protein extraction with dual-product valorization, scale-aware techno-economic analysis (TEA), and a climate-scenario emulator was developed and evaluated. Year-round cultivation yielded a pooled