Immunomodulatory Properties of diketopiperazine isomers extracted from wine lees in a sheep model of thermal stress

Wine lees (WLs), a by-product of the wine industry, represent a promising source of bioactive compounds, including diketopiperazines (DKPs). This study aimed to extract, characterize, and evaluate the effects of DKP-enriched WL fractions on immune cell responses under in vitro thermal stress conditions using an ovine model. Wine lees from white, rosé, and red vinifications were subjected to microwave-assisted extraction using water as a green solvent. Extracts were fractionated by flash liquid c