Gaze-Aware Task Progression Detection Framework for Human–Robot Interaction Using RGB Cameras

In human–robot interaction (HRI), detecting a human's gaze helps robots interpret user attention and intent. However, most gaze detection approaches rely on specialized eye-tracking hardware, limiting deployment in everyday set- tings. Appearance-based gaze estimation methods remove this dependency by using standard RGB cameras, but their practi- cality in HRI remains underexplored. We present a calibration- free framework detecting task progression when information is conveyed via integrated di