Despite advances in diabetes management, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. We investigated whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their conditioned medium, containing the MSC-derived secretome, protect against DKD by modulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/NADPH oxidase (NOX) pathway. MSCs and MSCs-conditioned medium both reduced kidney injury, podocyte structural integrity, oxidative stress, and inflammation by inhibiting mTORC1/mTO