Multi-scale roles of water in electrocatalytic CO 2 and CO reduction

The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) in aqueous electrolytes is a cornerstone technology for achieving a carbon-neutral society. Beyond the direct CO₂RR, the sequential reduction of CO₂ to CO followed by the CO reduction reaction (CORR) offers an alternative pathway. Water plays a pivotal and complex multi-scale role in CO₂RR/CORR systems. Its influence spans multiple scales, including micro-scale water-mediated reaction kinet